Analysis Of Completeness Of Blood Vacuume Tube Filling At A Clinical Laboratory Attached To Tertiary Care Center, A Cross Sectional Study

Background:Overfilled and under filled tube are most important cause of pre-analytical error and failure to complete requested examination in sample. The study was performed to analyse relationship betweentime of receiving of sample, location of sample, type of vacuum tube, method of collection, total volume required in a patient and volume incompleteness.Material And Methods:The study involved collection and patient samples data, i.e. receiving time of sample, place of collection, type of vacuum tube, blood collection method, total volume required in a patient, measurement of volume before processing. Average incompleteness of vacuum tube was calculated and average relationship between incompleteness and these parameters done.Result:Average incompleteness in OPD samples is better than Non-OPD samples. Averageincompleteness is better during 9 am to 12 am than early morning hour s. Incompleteness with relation to vacuum tube type is in general Plain > (EDTA/Fluoride) > Citrate. Average incompleteness better in sample collected with vacuum tube needle with holder than use of syringe. Average incompleteness increases as total volume required in a patient increases.Conclusion:Dedicated phlebotomist and use of vacuum tube needle with holder is required to bring overall improvement in completeness of blood collection.

One Virus! But Different Masks in Different Countries for Protection Against it! How to Choose?

COVID -19 is causing plenty of deaths in India as well as globally andmany of them are health care workers (HCWs).As per data given by IMA 744 MBBS doctors have been died due to Covid–19 till 4 February 20213.As this disease transmitted between person to person by respiratory droplets hence mask hygiene is very important effective preventive measure for HCWs. In market due to high demand, much different type of masks is available with different specifications. Some of them are from Indian origin and many of them are procured from foreign. Many of them are not effective to safeguard health care workers against COVID 19 infection2. Hence this paper will discuss different country specific standards of masks in relation to SARS COV-2 as well as home based disinfection method of masks. In market many masks are available and most of them are sub-standard and making falsely claim of N95. Most of them are not able to protect Health Care Workers from the infection of SARS COV-2. Hence in this paper will examine different countries specific standard of mask with respect to size of SARS COV-2. US standard N95 masks will give desire level of protection against SARS COV-2. Conclusion:NIOSH certified N95 or N99 or N100 mask should be given priority over other counties N95 equivalent masks. Chinese masks GB2626-2006 are least recommended among all other countries N95 equivalent masks6.

Synovial hemangiomas of wrist and ankle joint: A report of two rare cases

Synovial hemangioma is a rare, benign, vascular tumor of synovium leading to joint pain and swelling. The most common site is the knee joint, but rare cases involving other sites have also been reported. We report two rare cases of synovial hemangioma, one involving the ankle joint and other involving the wrist joint. Histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosis of these cases. Early treatment is warranted to prevent the risk of permanent joint damage.

Effect of Synergist Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) on the Toxicity of Some Essential Oils Against Mosquito Larvae.

Effect of a known synergist piperonyl butoxide on the toxicity of steam distillate essential oils of Jamarosa (Cymbopogan nardus), Pacholli (Pogostemon pacholli), Basil (Ocimum basilicum), and Peppermint (Mentha pipreta) plant species against Anopheles stephensi larvae were evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to identify the insecticidal potential of these oils against mosquito larvae. The Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) was used to enhance the activity of these oils with the aim of developing essential oil based formulations. The bioassays of these oils with and without PBO were performed against late 3rd instar larvae of An. stephensi. The LC values against An. 50 stephensi were 44.19 ppm for Ocimum basilicum oil, followed by, Mentha pipreta, Cymbopogan nardus, and Pogostemon pacholli oil which gave LC 50 values above 250 ppm. Thus in the present study the Ocimum basilicum oil was found to be most effective, whereas Pogostemon pacholli oil was found to least effective against mosquitoes for larvicidal action. The effect of synergist PBO led to the enhancement of toxicity of oils, the LC value 50 for Ocimum basilicum were reduced from 44.19 ppm to 23.87 ppm. Similarly the oil of Pogostemon pacholli showed most significant results where the LC value was >250 ppm it was reduced to 50 ppm with PBO.

Effect of Synergist Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) on the Toxicity of Some Essential Oils against Mosquito Larvae.

Effect of a known synergist piperonyl butoxide on the toxicity of steam distillate essential oils of Jamarosa (Cymbopogan nardus), Pacholli (Pogostemon pacholli), Basil (Ocimum basilicum), and Peppermint (Mentha pipreta) plant species against Anopheles stephensi larvae were evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to identify the insecticidal potential of these oils against mosquito larvae. The Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) was used to enhance the activity of these oils with the aim of developing essential oil based formulations. The bioassays of these oils with and without PBO were performed against late 3rd instar larvae of An. stephensi. The LC values against An. 50 stephensi were 44.19 ppm for Ocimum basilicum oil, followed by, Mentha pipreta, Cymbopogan nardus, and Pogostemon pacholli oil which gave LC 50 values above 250 ppm. Thus in the present study the Ocimum basilicum oil was found to be most effective, whereas Pogostemon pacholli oil was found to least effective against mosquitoes for larvicidal action. The effect of synergist PBO led to the enhancement of toxicity of oils, the LC value 50 for Ocimum basilicum were reduced from 44.19 ppm to 23.87 ppm. Similarly the oil of Pogostemon pacholli showed most significant results where the LC value was >250 ppm it was reduced to 50 ppm with PBO.

Effect of cybil on reproductive success of wild Drosophila melanogaster.

Cybil (a synthetic pyrethroid) was used to assess its impact on the reproductive success in F1 and F2 generations of wild Drosophila melanogaster. The LC50 has been estimated as 0.0267 microl/100 ml food. Reproductive success has been found to be affected in addition to fecundity and pupation following toxicity of cybil.

Serological & virological investigation of an outbreak of dengue fever in Gwalior, India.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: An outbreak of febrile illness occurred between September to November 2001 in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh affecting individuals mostly in the age group < 30 yr. A total of 312 febrile indoor patients suspected to have dengue infection were investigated. METHODS: The investigation included examination of blood samples from patients for dengue specific IgM and IgG antibodies, isolation of virus in suckling mouse pups and in C(6/36) cell line followed by confirmation and typing through reverse transcriptase-PCR and nested PCR. RESULTS: The serological analysis of the 312 samples indicated 65 per cent positivity of which 21 per cent are of recent infection as indicated by the presence of IgM antibody and 78 per cent are found to be secondary in nature by showing the presence of IgG and/or IgM antibodies. The RT-PCR analysis of patients' sera employing dengue virus group specific conserved amplimer confirmed the etiological agent as dengue complex by showing the characteristic 511 bp amplicons. None of the antibody positive samples were found to be positive by RT-PCR. A total of 13 (6%) samples positive by RT-PCR, were processed for virus isolation in mouse pups and in C(6/36) cells. Of these 9 samples (80%) were confirmed positive for virus isolation as identified by RT-PCR. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The typing of isolates by nested PCR employing serotype specific amplimer revealed 119 bp amplicon characteristic of dengue virus type-2 and thus confirming the outbreak attributed to dengue virus type-2.

Combined use of isoflurane and sodium nitroprusside during active rewarming on cardiopulmonary bypass: a prospective, comparative study.

AIMS: To evaluate and compare the effect of isoflurane, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and combined use of isoflurane and SNP on body rewarming and haemodynamic stability during active rewarming on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In a prospective, randomised study 75 adult patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) under CPB were studied in three groups of 25 patients each. During active rewarming, patients of group I received SNP infusion in CPB, group-II received isoflurane through vaporiser in gas circuit of the CPB machine and group III received a combination of isoflurane inhalation (0.2-0.5%) + SNP in low doses (<1mg/kg/min). RESULTS: Mean requirements of SNP to achieve maximum pump flow during rewarming were 1.48 -/+ 0.65 mg/kg/min (range 0.3-3.5 mg/kg/min) in group I and 0.75 -/+ 0.25 mg/kg/min (range 0.2-0.85 mg/kg/min) in group III. Mean isoflurane concentration required to achieve maximum pump flow during rewarming was 0.95 -/+ 0.35% (range 0.2-1.5%) in group II and 0.35 -/+ 0.1 (range 0-0.4%) in group III. The requirements of SNP and isoflurane in group III were significantly less than group I and II (p<0.001). The haemodynamic stability was better in SNP + isoflurane group with significantly lesser requirement of inotropes. Four-scaled assessment for rewarming evaluation failed to show significant statistical difference amongst the groups. CONCLUSIONS: All three drug regimens were equally effective in terms of uniform rewarming of the body on CPB. However, combined use of SNP and isoflurane in low doses provides haemodynamic stability during CPB and is superior to either drug alone.

Perforated peptic ulcer after cardiac surgery.

Although there are many causes of ulcer disease in postoperative period, hypoperfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass and advanced age are two key causes. We came across two cases of peptic ulcer perforation after coronary bypass graft surgery where these two common factors were absent. We have discussed various aetiolofical factors responsible for genesis of gastrointestinal ulcers in patients undergoing cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass.

Blood transfusion practices--a case study.

Blood transfusion practices of the treating doctors in a district hospital in Haryana were studied through retrospective study of blood bank records for the years 1992 to 1994 and interview of the clinicians of various specialities in the hospital. It was found that utilization of the whole blood was 90%, 89% and 81% respectively of the total blood units utilized during this period. Single unit transfusions out of the total transfusions done were 87% in 1992 and 1993 while these were 89.9% in 1994. Blood was often requested for volume replacement in acute haemorrhage. Only homologous blood transfusions were done at the hospital. This study has highlighted that there is scope for improvement of blood transfusion practices by strictly following the indications for use of blood, promoting the preparation and use of blood components, use of plasma expanders for acute blood loss, avoiding single unit transfusions and promoting the use of autologous blood during routine surgery.

Normal vibrations and valence charge distribution in relation to bioactivity of gammexane.

Normal coordinate analysis has been made for gammexane using the Wilson's G-F matrix method with Urey-Bradley force field. Molecular orbital calculations using CNDO/2 method have also been carried out for the five isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane to give the valence charge densities on the atoms of the molecules. A toxicity parameter that takes into account a shape factor and the valence charge density on the atoms has been defined. On the toxicity scale so defined the gamma-isomer alone has a significant value.

Hydrolytic enzymes of rhesus placenta during Plasmodium cynomolgi infection: ultrastructural and biochemical studies.

Placenta in monkey demonstrated altered pathophysiology after P cynomolgi infection. The electronmicroscopic observations showed slight complete focal necrosis of the placental tissue, besides alterations in total protein, phosphatases and proteinases. These changes in cellular constituents of placenta during malaria infection may be responsible for malfunctioning of the organ and in turn, abnormal development of foetus.

Central hyperthermic effect of arsenic in rabbits.

Hyperthermic effect of arsenic was investigated in rabbits. Injections of arsenic trioxide (0.0001 to 0.1 micrograms) into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the rabbit evoked a dose-dependent hyperthermia, respiratory stimulation and peripheral vasodilatation. Heat loss through respiratory stimulation and peripheral vasodilatation appeared responsible for the long latent period and the slight hypothermia sometimes obtained during this period as these effects followed the same time course. These effects were centrally mediated as demonstrated by the lack of efficacy of the same doses by the intravenous route. The hyperthermic effect of arsenic was antagonized by the sulphydryl donator, dimercaprol, the a-adrenoceptor blocking agent-phenoxybenzamine and the PG-synthesis inhibitor-aspirin. Multiple sites, for antagonistic effects of these substances can be explained by the action of arsenic in inactivating sulphydryl containing enzymes which are many and catalyze diverse biochemical reactions.